Description
A rationale is a set of reasons or justifications that support a text’s focus or the argument (Burge et al., 2008). In contrast to a warrant, which often functions implicitly, a rationale typically consists of an explicit set of claims about a topic, which establishes its value. The rationale is often part of the opening framing of an introduction, but may be included in other sections of the text. The gap in the research base that is typically established in literature reviews, for example, provides a rationale for the need for additional study on a topic, by identifying the borders of previous scholarship (Curry & Lillis, 2013).
In addition, rationales are used in the methodology section of research articles, where writers typically justify why they chose certain methods and how these methods help them answer research questions (Onwuegbuzie & Leech, 2006). The following excerpt from an article on environmental sciences exemplifies how the authors justified their methods. We italicized their rationale:
Due to the lack of detailed data on the actual thermal characteristics of the Palestinian residential buildings, the statistical approach was the most suitable method identified to be used in this research. It is beneficial in cases where it is difficult to collect detailed physical features like building geometry or thermal characteristics (Foucquier et al., 2013). (Al Qadi et al., 2018, p. 1295)
Here, the authors supported their choice of statistical methods with the rationale that certain data were unavailable and difficult to obtain.
Variations and Tensions
In practice-oriented disciplines, a rationale may be prompted by real-life problems or issues (Rojon & Saudenrs, 2012). For example, the excerpt below shows the rationale for a study on using teacher professional development to support English learners:
(1) There are currently over 5 million English learners (ELs) in U.S. schools (National Center for Education Statistics [NCES], 2015), and over 70% speak Spanish as their first language (Migration Policy Institute, 2015). (2) The majority of classroom teachers, however, have not had specialized training in working with ELs. … (3) Latino ELs, on average, experience a persistent achievement gap in math and reading (García, Jensen, & Scribner, 2009) and are at higher risk for dropping out of school (Bohon, Macpherson, & Atiles, 2005). … (4) Clearly, there is an urgent need for teacher professional development (PD) that focuses on best practices for working with English learners. (Babinski et al., 2018, p. 118; sentence numbers added)
The authors (1) cite statistics to emphasize the size of the population of interest (ELs); (2) identify the lack of teacher preparation; (3) explain why ELs need support; and (4) argue for the need for professional development.
Reflection Questions
- How do authors provide rationales for genres in your discipline?
- In the texts you are writing, where and how do you provide a rationale for the topic or other aspect of the work?
For Further Reading
Nygaard, L. (2015). Writing for scholars: A practical guide to making sense & being heard (2nd ed.). SAGE. The section, “Method: How did you get to your answer?” (pp. 110-113), explains how to justify the use of research methods.
Thomson, P. (2016, August 18). Thesis to journal article – five things to remember. Patter. https://patthomson.net/2016/08/18/thesis-to-journal-article-five-things-to-remember/. This post discusses argues that the rationale a thesis/dissertation can differ from that of a dissertation in terms of audience and the significance of the topic.
References
Al Qadi, S., Sodagar, B., & Elnokaly, A. (2018). Estimating the heating energy consumption of the residential buildings in Hebron, Palestine. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196, 1292–1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.059
Babinski, L. M., Amendum, S. J., Knotek, S. E., Sánchez, M., & Malone, P. (2018). Improving young English learners’ language and literacy skills through teacher professional development: A randomized controlled trial. American Educational Research Journal, 55(1), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217732335
Burge, J. E., Carroll, J. M., McCall, R., & Mistrik, I. (2008). What is rationale and why does It matter? In Rationale-based software engineering (pp. 3–23). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77583-6_1
Curry, M. J., & Lillis, T. M. (2013). A scholar’s guide to getting published in English: Critical choices and practical strategies. Multilingual Matters.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Leech, N. (2006). Linking research questions to mixed methods data analysis procedures. The Qualitative Report, 11, 474–498.
Rojon, C., & Saudenrs, M. N. K. (2012). Formulating a convincing rationale for a research study. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 5(1), 55–61.